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Copyright

Creative Commons Licenses

Creative Commons licenses have been created by the non-profit American organisation Creative Commons. CC licenses allow authors to make the distribution of their work easier, by giving other people the right to share, use, and build upon their work. There are several licenses, depending on the rights each author wishes to keep. Each license is represented by a simple pictogram.

Creative Commons licenses do not abolish copyright, they are built upon copyright. They just allow creators and rights holders to decide which usage rights they wish to give to the public, and which ones they wish to reserve. CC licenses can not be revoked: once a CC license has been applied to a work, this work remains under this license as long as the copyright protection lasts.

Types of CC Licenses

CC licenses are built on a combination of 4 conditions:

  • attribution (BY): the user of the work must give credit to the creator. It must also clearly indicate if changes have been made to the original work. The user must also not imply that the creator endorses or supports the changes that have been made ("non-endorsement clause").
  • share-alike (SA): derivative works must be distributed with the same license as the original work.
  • non-commercial (NC): licensees may copy, distribute or make derivative works only for non-commercial purposes. Commercial means "primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or monetary compensation."
  • no derivative works (ND): it is prohibited to adapt, remix, transform, translate or update the work, except for private use. This condition is often regarded as not compatible with open access.
    Why Sharing Academic Publications Under "No Derivatives" Licenses is Misguided, by Brigitte Vézina, 2020

There are 7 different licenses:

undefined CC BY: The most accommodating license. Users can distribute, adapt, translate, build upon the work as long as they credit the author for the original creation.

undefined CC BY-SA: Users can distribute, adapt, translate, build upon the work as long as they credit the author for the original creation and license their new creations under the identical terms.

undefined CC BY-ND: Users can reuse the work for any purpose, including commercially, credit must be provided to the author, and it can not be shared with others in adapted form.

undefined CC BY-NC: Users can reuse and adapt the work, as long as it is not for commercial purposes. They must give credit to the author. Derivative works do not have to be licensed on the same terms.

undefined CC BY-NC-SA: Users can reuse and adapt the work, as long as it is not for commercial purposes. They must give credit to the author. Derivative works must be licensed under identical terms.

undefined CC BY-NC-ND: The most restrictive CC license. Users can not use the work for commercial purposes, they can not share it in adapted form, they must give credit to the author.

undefined CC 0: No copyright, the work is placed in the public domain. But in many countries, including Switzerland, the author can not waive his/her moral rights.

CC-Licensing Your Work

The correct way to indicate that your work is CC-licensed is to add a bit of text stating and linking to the license, such as: "This work is licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.", or, for an offline document, "This work is licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0".  You can also add the button of the license.